October 13, 2014

Seattle's ghost shorelines

By Peter Lape, Amir Sheikh, and Don Fels

Someday soon, Seattle’s downtown waterfront will look very different than it does today. The City of Seattle is replacing our crumbling seawall, and perhaps Bertha will resume digging the tunnel to replace the rickety, looming and loud Alaska Way Viaduct, scheduled to be torn down in 2016.

These changes create the potential to reconnect to the Elliot Bay shoreline, a main reason the city was established here in the first place. Planning continues for a re-imagined waterfront, and architects, designers, planners and politicians are starting to share their ideas with Seattlites.

An architectural rendering shows what a Pioneer Square beach at the foot of Washington Street could look like.
Photo: Courtesy of James Corner Field Operations and City of Seattle, Adapted from The Seattle Times’ September 12, 2014 article titled “Seattle’s new waterfront: What it might look like and why.”

For more than ten years, we’ve worked as an informal group, known as the Waterlines Project, to examine Seattle’s past landscapes. Drawing from data gathered by geologists, archaeologists, historians and other storytellers, we are literally unearthing and imagining our collective pasts. We believe that Seattle, always known as a future-forward city (perhaps equally short of backward glances) might benefit from looking back at previous extreme makeovers.

What have we found? Among other things, Seattle is one of the most dramatically re-engineered cities in the United States. From the dozen or so settlers who founded it on Coast Salish land in 1851 to its current status as America’s fastest growing city, hardly a decade has gone by without its residents taking on some major “improvement” projects affecting its shorelines.

For Coast Salish people, the landscape was integral to their culture and actively managed. As non-Natives began to settle in the area, they found the hills too steep, rivers too wild, lakes too disconnected from the sea, and tidal flats too tempting not to fill in. Here are a few examples:

Denny Hill in process of being flattened, circa 1910.
Photo: Denny Hill Regrade, Asahel Curtis, University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections, UW4812.


The Duwamish River transforming into the Duwamish Waterway in this 1922 photograph. The lone Smith Tower is in the distant upper right and a young Harbor Island can be seen at the end of the channel.
File Photo / The Seattle Times

The Belltown neighborhood in downtown Seattle once was an important camping place for Coast Salish people as shown in this 1898 photograph. The shoreline was filled in and extended out to the foot of Broad Street at the current site of the Olympic Sculpture Park.
Photo: Then & Again photo by Clayton Kauzlaric. Original: Indian Summer Laborers Camp,on the Seattle Waterfront, Asahel Curtis, University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections, A. Curtis 25180. 

The filling of the Duwamish estuary, 1875 to present.

Watch this Waterlines Project animation of Pioneer Square area of Seattle transforming from Native village to metropolis.


Ultimately, with each new river rerouting or tidal flat filling, the fragile connection between memory and landscape was broken, and with it a certain kind of wisdom was lost. These projects brought dubious benefits and cost more than money. The price of ecosystem disruption and impacts on the people who depended on them were rarely considered in the days before Environmental Impact Statements.  

As much as we might blame some humans for ill-advised remodeling decisions, nature wins the award for heaviest hand. From glacial gouging that make east-west travel in the city so difficult today, to huge tectonic events that shook our city and washed it with tsunamis, natural forces play a co-starring role as Seattle’s landscape designers. This Waterlines Project video showcases the huge natural forces at play over the past 20,000 years.


Only time will tell what landscape changes will occur in the future. For instance, nature and humans both seem to be collaborating to raise sea levels through polar ice melt and shrinking glaciers that could make our city much more “maritime oriented” than it is now.

Seattle after the melting of polar ice raises sea levels 240 feet.
Photo: Islands of Seattle, by Jeffrey Linn.

Today, we can only wonder what is gone for good in our landscape or where we might catch glimpses of these ghost landscapes.

To help reconnect to our ghost past as we try to reconnect to our urban waterfront, the Waterlines Project team of researchers, artists and graphic designers, with funding help from 4Culture, has published a map as a guide. The Waterlines Map is a rendering of the Seattle area in the mid-19th century, just prior to non-Native settlement, created using photorealistic aerial views collaged with hand painting. It integrates research from the sciences, natural and cultural histories, with informed imagining.

The front side of the Waterlines Project Map shows the city's current shoreline 
paired with the mid-19th century past. View the full-size map here.

The front of the map shows Seattle’s current shoreline overlaid onto the mid-19th century past. You’ll notice the Duwamish River, reconnected to Lake Washington through the Black River (before the lake was lowered 9 feet), is there in all of its curvy ‘organic’ glory. It also includes fresh and salt water marshes, prairies, forests and beaches—all labeled with Coast Salish place names and villages to reflect Native peoples heritage and ongoing connections to the city. 

Back side of the Waterlines Project Map featuring tours of past landscapes.
View the full-size map here.

The back of the map shows four areas of the city, and can act as a guide to experience the subtle ways our past landscapes still exist if you know where, and how, to look. The map is free and can be picked up at the Burke Museum and other spots around town, or you can download a full-size pdf version of map. (Hint: It looks excellent hung up in your kitchen!)

This Halloween season, you can encounter real ghosts of Seattle’s past—its shorelines. Try kayaking on the Duwamish to find pieces of the old river still in place. Take a bike ride to see some of the huge gifts the glaciers left behind 14,000 years ago. Or take a walk through Pioneer Square—once a sand spit, lagoon, promontory and Coast Salish village site—now smothered under sawdust, building rubble and gravel washed down from Seattle’s steeper hills. 

If you peer into the pits of the many building construction sites around Seattle, you might just see remnants of a ghost shoreline or two.

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The Waterlines Project team leadership is comprised of archaeologist Peter Lape, artist Don Fels and researcher Amir Sheikh. For more information about the Waterlines Project, visit the website: burkemuseum.org/waterlines/.

Download a full-size PDF version of the Waterlines Project Map.